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Des RMM à la conception d’indicateurs de qualité et de sécurité : dix ans de travaux sur les RMM en réanimation

From MMC to the development of quality of care indicators: Ten years of work on MMC in an ICU setting

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Réanimation

Résumé

De par son activité, la réanimation génère la survenue d’un nombre important d’événements indésirables (EI) malgré le monitorage électronique de la surveillance des patients et la densité de soignants plus importante qu’ailleurs. En effet, les réanimations sont des structures de soins à haut risque compte tenu de la complexité des procédures diagnostiques et thérapeutiques, de la multiplicité des intervenants dans les décisions et de la gravité des patients. Depuis la publication d’un rapport retentissant sur les erreurs médicales par l’Académie de médecine des États-Unis en 1999, des études prospectives ont montré une incidence très variable d’EI en réanimation selon le type d’EI rapporté, la plupart d’entre eux concernant des erreurs de prescription médicamenteuse. En réanimation, l’erreur surviendrait dans près des trois quarts des cas au cours de la phase d’application des procédures de soins, et il existerait un effet cumulatif pour le risque d’erreur. Améliorer la sécurité des soins et limiter la survenue des EI est devenu une priorité de santé publique dans les 20 dernières années. L’efficience des pratiques médicales basée sur les règles de la médecine fondée sur des preuves s’intègre dans les méthodes reconnues par la Haute Autorité de santé pour améliorer la qualité des soins. Cependant, l’efficience des pratiques médicales ne correspond pas complètement aux exigences de transparence et de sécurité. En effet, la notion de sécurité sous-tend la volonté de diminuer ou d’éliminer les erreurs qui peuvent conduire à des EI évitables. L’automatisation, l’informatisation, la vérification répétée, les procédures de soins standardisées réduisent l’erreur humaine mais ont aussi des limitations. Un système fondé sur l’analyse systématique des erreurs, comme les revues de morbimortalité (RMM) le permettent, garantit l’éclosion et la pérennisation d’une culture de qualité et de sécurité des soins en réanimation.

Abstract

The intensive care unit (ICU) is an important source of life-threatening adverse events (AE), despite the monitored environment and the high density of caregivers. Indeed, ICUs are identified as high-risk settings, due to the complexity of the diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, the multiplicity of actors involved in decision management, and the multiple severe organ failures in ICU patients. Since the publication of the Institute of Medicine’s ground-breaking report, To Err is Human, Building a Safer Health Care System, in 1999, prospective studies have shown a highly variable rate of AE in ICU, according to the type of AE reported, and most of whom were medication administration errors. Medical error occurs during the implementation phase of health care procedures in about three-quarter of all cases in the ICU and there would be a cumulative effect on the risk of error. Ways of improving the systems for preventing and limiting the effects of in-ICU AE have become a major concern in the last two decades. Efficiency of medical practices founded on the evidence-based medicine matches with the standards recognized by the Health Care Authorities to promote quality of care. However, the efficiency and continuous improvement of the quality of care is insufficient for a full understanding of the concept of patient safety. Indeed, patient safety includes the effort to reduce or eliminate potentially preventable AE. Automation, computerization, double checking, and bundles of care also reduce the human errors but have limitations. A system-based approach where the determination of how the error occurred is important, as is the case in standardized mortality and morbidity conferences, which support quality improvement and safety culture in the ICU.

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Faisy, C., Davagnar, C., Marlet, C. et al. Des RMM à la conception d’indicateurs de qualité et de sécurité : dix ans de travaux sur les RMM en réanimation. Réanimation 23 (Suppl 3), 555–565 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13546-015-1035-9

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